DES has the ability to disrupt sexual development in both male and female (mice), even at a low dose
Causal pathways by which DES may directly cause disruption of normal human urethral development or hypospadias
Types of adult penile malformations induced developmentally by DES (hypospadias) in cohorts of mice
Exposure to DES raises the risk of genital malformation in subsequent generations
The history of DES told to grandchildren – the transgenerational effect.
DES induction of hypospadias due to impaired growth and tissue fusion events during development
Hypospadias can be transmitted to the DES-exposed third-generation
In utero exposure to DES increases the risk of testicular dysgenesis syndrome.
DES prenatal exposure specific risk factors may interfere with penile development
Some extreme positive risk ratios were reported after what is commonly referred to as “third-generation exposure” to DES
